chapter 25 questions

1.) Church officials helped govern western Europe. High church leaders were both lords and vassals of other lords. They served as advisers to kings and other nobles keeping records for the kings who could not read or write.

2.) Rich nobles donated money to build large churches and gave land to monasteries. The wealthier the monasteries became, however, the more carless many monks grew about carrying out their duties.

3.) After a while students began to complain that teachers held few classes and did not cover enough subjects. Teachers began to complain that too many untrained people were teaching. So students and teachers decided to make some changes by forming unions. These unions became universities.

4.) Even after they had taken Palestine Turkish armies continues to threaten the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine emperor asked the Pop for military aid. Pope Urban 2 agreed to help the Byzantines.

5.) About 30,000 crusaders arrived in Asia Minor and defeated the Turks. From there, they moved south through the desert to Syria. However they were not prepared for the heat and did not have enough food or water. Many died of starvation or thirst.

6.) A group of French children, led by peasant boy named Stephen of Cloyes, set sail from Marseilles, France in 1212. Most of the children never reached Palestine. Along the way they were sold into slavery by captains of the ships on which they sailed. At the same time another group of children set forth on foot from Germany intending to march toward Italy. Most of them starved to death or died from disease.

7.) The Byzantines were so angry at the actions of western Europeans that the split between eastern and western Christianity became permanent.

8.) The Crusades helped to break down feudalism in western Europe. While feudal lords were fighting in Palestine, kings at home increased their authority.