Chapter 15 qustions

1. Augustus cleared the Mediterranean of pirates also he increased trade.  He protected each city by putting up a fire brigade and police force. Judges were helped by special lawyers and Juris Prudentes, legal writers. Everyone was innocent until they were proven guilty.


2. Since trade increased, Romans became very rich. Shopkeepers grew richer,wine and olive oil were the main items bought by other countries. Italy became a manufacturing center for pottery, bronze, and woolen cloth.


3. During the Pax Romana, many things changed for Rome. Since the times were different , the Twelve Tables had to be changed.


4. It was important to standardize all laws in the empire because it helped Rome govern a large area successfully.


5. All kinds of animals were used for the public games. Like pulling chariots but most either fought one another or gladiators. So many animals were killed, that some species became extinct.


6. The Praetorian Guard set a horrible example by killing the emperor, Commodus, and then electing himself as emperor. This showed all of the legions that if they fought each other, they could pick their own emperor for the throne.


7. Diocletian thought that their was too much land to govern by himself so he got someone to ruled the western provinces while he ruled the richer ones in the east.


8. There were three reasons for the fall of Rome: political, economic, and foreign enemies. There were no laws saying who would rule after the emperor died. Because of this, Commodus ruled and was killed by the Praetorian Guard, destroying the government. Economically it crumbled because the emperor paid his soldiers highly, raising taxes enormously. Lastly, Rome fell because of the foreign enemies. While they fought over money and politics, enemies swooped in and conquered.

Roman republic

 2.) Senete
      a.)The Senate was made up of 300 men called senators who were chosen for life
      b.)  They discussed ways to deal with other countries, proposed laws, and approved public contracts for building roads and temples.

3.)Judges, assemblies and Tribunes 
   a.) Judges assemblies and tribunes or government officials who protected the rights of pebeians, also part of the Roman government.
   b.) All Roman citizens belonged to the assemblies and could declare war or agree to peace terms
   c.) 450 B.C. is the year laws were carved on 12 bronze tablets know as the twelve tablets. they were placed in the Forum. The laws applied to both patricians and pebeians.
  d.) The Twelve Tables became the foundation for future Roman laws.  


B.) Roman Expansion
     1.) Protection of Rome 
          a.) Conquered several Etruscan cities
          b.) by 146 B.C. Rome ruled most of the Mediterranean World

Etruscans 2

1) Who was the first Etruscan ruler of Rome?

 Lucius Traquinius

2) What customs did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans?

 The Romans borrowed  fights between slaves, the triumph, and symbols of authority. They also founded their cities like the Etruscans.

3) What religious beliefs did the Etruscans introduce to the Romans?

 They changed the Romans religion. They introduced soothsayers and that their gods had humanly forms.

4) What were gladiatorial games?

 The gladiatorial games were an "amusing" fight. These fights could be between slaves, armed men, men and animals, women and dwarfs, and animals. 

The Etruscans

 1.) What the Etruscans were known for

 For being Pirates, good traders, and they dug tunnels and built dams to drain their marshy fields

 2) What they grew 

 Barley, millet, wheat, graps, and other fruits

3) What they did for occupations 

Farmer, miners traders and pirates 

4) What their cities were like  

 The Rish liced in rectangular, one-story homes made of sun-dried brick on a frame of heavy timbers. A pitched roof covered with clay tiles extended beyond the house. Tone-lined drains led from each house into the main drains that ran along the pebble-paved streets. Most homes also had broad, walled courtyards open to the sky. During the day the center room was often used for talking about business. At night it was the scene of entertainment. Necropolis out side the city. Wealthy people owned the most land. Built cities and temples facing east to face the gods

5) What their Daily life and Religion was like, and 
 They played games similar to chess and backgammon like to play sports wrestling running boxing and horse racing. Liked listening to music and playing instruments the woman enjoyed dancing and were aloud to participate in ceremonies and own land.  . They believed in many gods

6) What they borrow from the Greeks.

The alphabet and the form of fighting the phalanx. Gods were modeled off the Greeks

The legend of Rome

The legend says that after the fall of Troy the god ordered the Trojan prince Aeneas to lead his people to the promise land. When Aenea’s group reached Italy they joined forces with the Latins. In 800 B.C. The Latin Princes gave birth to two twins the father was Mars. But the Princess had taken an oath never to have children. Sense she broke the promise she was punished Romulus and Remus were taken from her and left to die on the bank of the Tiber. But then a she-wolf came and took care of them. Then one day a shepherd killed the she-wolf and found the babies and he took them. When the boys grew older they built a city on Tiber. They let the gods pick who should rule city between the two of them. Each of them climed to the top of different hill tops to look for a sign from a god. Then 12 cultures flew over the Palatine sense Romulus stood atop the Platine he was claimed to be king he and Remus then fought he was killed. Romulus became king of the city so it was named Rome  

Alexanders Accomplishents

Alaexanders Accomplishments

·      He conquered pursia

·      He was commander in the army since he was 16 but with great knowledge of military strategies  

·      He was taught him literature, political science geography, and biology by Aristotle.

·      He never lost a battle of the 13 years of ruling

·      He covered more than 22,000 miles from the Nile to the Indus rivers.

·      During his rule he founded about 70 cities of which were named Alexandria 

·      He created a lighthouse 400ft it was considered one of the 7 wonders on the Ancient World.

·      He was king of Asia

·      He marched as far east as northern Asia

·       

Ways He Tried To Unify his Empire

·      He married a persain woman and had 80 of his leading men marry Persians.

·      He began to dress in Persian fashion and ot follow some persain customs

·      He claimed he was a god to persians

·      Took Persians into his army

·      Collected samples of plants animals from across his empire and sent them to Aristotle for classification

What Happened to Alaxander's Kingdom after he Died

What Happened to Alaxander’s Kingdom after he Died

What happened to Alaxander’s kingdom after he died fights broke out over who was to rule the empire. The areas that he conquered in India returned to their original rulers. Three of Alexander’s generals divided the rest of the empires among themselves. Antigonus became king of Macedonia. Ptolemy established the dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt. Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in Persia. Athens and Sparta became independent city-states again. Most other Greek city-states banded together into one of to leauges, but neither league had much power or importance. The cities that had been part of Alexander’s empire now existed manly for trade grew along with it. City officials made their laws language, calendar and coins Greek. The Greek city-states were never the same again. They kept their political independence but they couldn’t gain back the power of the past. In time economic conditions grew worse. Great factories had been built in the new Hellenistic cities. Greek manufactures now found they couldn’t compete with these factories. Because of that more young Greek emigrated. Population in the Greek city-states fell. There was not enough people to work the land, and many farms once again became wilderness. Then By 146 B.C. most of the Greek city-states were under Roman control    

Chapter 11 section 2

   1) Who was Socrates and How did he teach people how to think?

   He was a 70 year old man who was a philosopher and he taught people how to think by asking them questions.

2) What did philosophia mean to the ancient Greeks?

   Studying the laws of nature and loving wisdom were the same thing.

3) What was the Socratic Method?

      Each question was designed to make a person arrive step by step at a final conclusion or truth.

4) Why was Socrates brought to trial?

     He was accused of deniing the gods and trying to over throw the government.

5) List some quotes about ethical or moral living attributed to Socrates.

   “Wealth does not bring goodness. But goodness brings wealth and every blessing, both to the citizen and to the polis.”

6) How did Socrates die?

   He was forced to drink poisonous hemlock juice.

7) Who was Plato?

   He was one of Socrates pupils who founded the Academy

   8) What school did Plato found?

   The Academy  

9) Name two books that Plato wrote.

   The Republic and The Dialogues 

10) Who was Aristotle?  What did he do?

   He was one of Plato’s brightest pupils. He founded his own school and wrote more than 200 books. He also was the first to group together plants and animals that resemble each other. Aristotle provided a third step in the scientific method when he said that a hypothesis must be tested to see if it is correct. He also came up with syllogism

11) What is syllogism?  Give an example of one.  Who invented it?

    It is a method of reasoning that uses three related statements. The third statement is a conclusion based on the information given in the first two. Example: Athenians are Greek Socrates is an Athenian therefore, Socrates is Greek. Aristotle

12) Who developed the first two steps of the scientific method?

    Thales

13) Who developed the Hippocratic Oath?  What is the Hippocratic Oath?   

Hippocrates. The oath says that doctors should honor their teachers, do their best for the sick, never give

chapter 11 section 1

    1)  To seek advice. the advice was generally given in the form of a prophecy or a statement of what might happen in the future.

   

    2)  The most popular oracle was a priestess in the temple of Delphi. The Greeks believed that Delphi was the center of the world, and they bulit many temples and other public buildings there.

  

    3)    Most ancient peoples feared their gods. They believed that people were put on Earth only to obey and serve the gods. The Greeks were the first people to feel differently. They placed importance on the worth of the individual. Because they believed in their own value, the Greeks had a great deal of self respect. This allowed them to approach their gods with dignity.

     4) Name six Greek gods and what they controlled.

   Zeus: Ruler of Mount Olympus; king of the gods; god of the weather

   Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty

   Apollo: god of the sun; patron of truth archery, music, medicine, and prophecy

   Ares: god of war

   Poseidon: god of the sea and earthquakes; giver of horses to mortals

   Hera: protectress of marriage, children, and the home; wife of Zeus

   5. The Olympic Games were held in Olympia to honor Zeus.

   6. Olympic Games included chariot races where a chariot was pulled by four horses around a track, boxing where the men slapped each other instead of punching, pancratium, a combination of boxing and wrestling, and pentathlon, where the athlete ran, jumped, threw the discus and javelin, and wrestle.

   7. The 1st Olympic Games was held in 776 BC.

   8. Three great writers of tragedy were Aeschylus, who wrote about power and its effect on people, Sophocles, who showed that people because of their mistakes and it made them better people, and Euripides who showed that people suffered because they did bad things.

9. Comedies were originally about the present. They made fun of politicians and polis leaders who were in the aud

Spartans

1)What was the acropolis and what stood there?
It was a fortified hill. At the top of acropolis stood a temple of the local god. At the foot of the acropolis was the agora.
2) The average city-state, or polis, contained how many people?
5,000 and 10,000 citizens
3) How was Sparta's government formed?
At first Sparta was ruled by a king. about 800 B.C. aristocrats or nobles took over the government. From that time one Sparta had two kings who ruled jointly, had little power. There only duties were to lead the army and conduct religious services. Only aristocrats could be Spartan citizens. all citizens over 20 years old were members of the assembly, which passed laws and decided questions of war and peace. Each year the assembly chose five managers know as ephors, to take charge of public affairs and guide the education of young Sparatns. The Council of Elders helped the ephors. The council was made up of man over 60 years old who were chosen for life.
4) Who ruled Sparta?
Nobles or aristocrats
5) Who were the helots and what did they do in Sparta?
Slaves they worked the land.
6)  Discuss, or outline, the life of a Spartan boy.
When Spartan boys turned seven they were sent to live in military camps. there they were trained in groups under teenage leaders. They learned to read write and use weapons, The boys recived only small amounts of food. They had to go barefoot and were given only one cloak to wear. they walked silence, with their eyes to the ground and spoke only when necessary. They 
7)  Discuss the life of a Sparta woman.  How were Spartan women more free than other Greek women at the time?
Spartan women ran Sparta when their men were at  battle, giving them more freedom to do what they wanted than any other city-state.
8. "Come home with your shield or on it" meant that the soldiers could either go back to Sparta carrying their shields, meaning they were alive, or on them, meaning that they were dead. This reinforce the Spartan's warrior way of life.

Athens

1) Where was Athens located?
Aegean coast
2) Why did Athens change its government?
To many disputes
3) Who was Draco and Solon?  What did they do?
Draco, a noble, tried to change the government but failed because his punishments were too harsh. Solon a, a Rich merchant created a constitution, put a limit on how much land people could own, and give land owners the right to vote in the Assembly. He also wanted each father to teach his son/sons a skill and while under his rule.
4) Who created the world's first Democratic Constitution?
Cleisthenes
 5) What was the Council of 500?  How were its members chosen?
The Council of 500 took care of daily business of Athens. The members were chosen by getting their name drawn from a large pot.
6)  Describe the Battle of Marathon.
600 hundred, Persian ships landed on Marathon, 26 miles away from Athens. After a few days, they decided to sail right into Athens. As they were getting on their ships, Athenian troops attacked the remaining men. A runner was sent to Athens with the news of their win. When he got to Athens, he screamed NIKE!, the Greek goddess of victory, and then died of exhaustion.
7) How did the Greeks eventually defeat the Persians?
The Persians were driven into a small, narrow passageway, one at a time. This made it easy for the Athenians to pick them off one by one. The ships were also too large to handle well in the narrow passage. 
8) Who was Pericles?
Pericles was a general who created the Acropolis. He also created the Long Walls, walls that connected Athens to its seaport, Piraeus, five miles away. 
 9) What was the Peloponnesian War and what was its outcome?  
The Peloponnesian war was a battle between Athens and Sparta after Athens attacked one of Sparta's allies. After 30 years of fighting, Athens surrendered to Sparta.