Anglo-Saxons questions

1) The Anglo-Saxons were made up of what three groups?
 
 Jutes, Anglo, Saxons.

2) How did Christianity come to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England?
 
 Because of the scholars, artists, merchants, and monks from many parts of Europe came to Ireland because of its peace and safety. Irish scholars and artists were influenced by Christianity. The Irish Church was found by Saint Patrick.

3) What did Alfred do to unite Anglo-Saxon England?
 
Is the son of Saxon king, Alfred led resistance against Danish invaders. He made his kingdom the rallying point for other kingdoms, paving the way of the unification of England. In 886, A.D. he captured London and was soon recognized as king of all England. One of his greatest achievements was the creation of a navy- the basis of England's future strength as a nation.

4) Why did Alfred the Great pay the Danes to leave England alone?
 
 Because the Anglo-saxons were not strong enough to drive out the Danes.To gain time to build a stronger aermy he paid the Danes a sum of money each year to leave England alone.

5) Why did the king set up local governments in England?
 
 Because the central government however was to weak to govern the whole country.

6) What were the duties of the nobles?
 
 They had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in local areas, and serve the king in war.

7) Why did early English kinds divide the country into shires?  What were some of the jobs of the sheriff?
 
The central government, however was to weak to govern the whole country. So, the king set up local government. England was divided into districts called shires. Shires were run by sheriffs who was a local noble chosen by the king. The sheriff collected money, enforced the law, called out soldiers when needed, and told the king what was happening in the shire. 


8) How did the King's peace help unite England?
 
 The King's peace united the empire by keeping the crime rate low and made everyone feel protected.

9) What was the purpose of witenagemot?
 
 The witenagemot, a group of church leaders and nobles, met with the king to discuss issues within the shires. They also approved laws made by the king and served as a court

10) How did the English government develop under the Anglo-Saxons?
 
 The king was selected from a royal family instead of the Church picking a new king every term. Under the king's rule, the people felt safe and protected, keeping them all united. There were so many officials and the people felt so secure that the crime rate was low, which made the people of the empire feel even more at peace. This set up the government of England because they were fine with having a king instead of a democracy. They also felt that the king made sure everyone was taken care of.

11) Why did Anglo-Saxons unite under Alfred the Great? 

 First, he paid the Danes to leave them alone. When the Danes attacked, he defeated them. Next, he signed a treaty with the Danes saying that if they stayed in Danelaw, then they could rule the northeast part of the England. In the end, he conquered  the Danes. The Anglo-Saxons wanted Alfred the Great as their ruler because he was a great fighter.

Chapter 18 section 3 questions

1)   When did Pepin die?  Who were his sons?

 

   In 768. Carloman and Charles

 

  2)   Who was Charlemagne?  What did he do?  List the people he defeated in battle.  What does his name mean?

 

   He was a powerful leader. He got all of the western Europe together under his rule also got all the Germanic people to become Christian. The Lombards, Saxons, Muslims. Charles the Great

 

  3)   What was The Song of Roland about?

 

   It was a poem about the battle between the Basques and Charlemagne.

 

  4)   Why was Charlemagne displeased that the Pope crowned him emperor?

 

   Because it made it seem as if the emperor's right to rule came from the Pope rather than directly from God.

 

  5)   What was Charlemagne’s view of education?  What did he do to promote education in his empire?

 

   He thought it was important to have education. He encouraged churches and monasteries to fund schools./

 

  6)   Who was Alcuin?  What did children study in the school set up by Alcuin?

 

   He was a scholar. It trained the children of government officials to serve in the church or in royal household.

 

  7)   What were some things that artists created under Charlemagne’s rule? 

 

   They made book covers and ornamental weapons, and they decorated and manuscripts copied by scholars. They also covered church walls with pictures showing stories from the Bible

 

  8)   Describe estate life.

 

   Each estate took care of its own needs. There were shoemakers, carpenters, and blacksmiths on each estate. There were artisans who made weapons, cooking vessels, and few jewelry. Lords lived in stone farmhouse. wooden stockades. Each farmhouse had a banquet hall sleeping quarters cellars stables, storage places, and small chapel.

   Farmers lived in simple wooden houses in small villages on the estates. They worked in the fields, vineyards, orchards, and forests around their villages. The fields were owned by lords. but the farmers worked them three days a week. The rest of the time they worked small pieces of land the lords had given them. They also divided the land into three sections.

 

  9)   How did farmers gradually become serfs?

 

   Because they were gradually doing more for the nobles and less for themselves. 

 

  10)  How did minstrels increase Charlemagne’s popularity?

 

   The Minstrels journeyed from place to place singing the praises of Charlemagne and his empire.

 

  11)  What did the Empire collapse after Charlemagne’s death?

 

   The empire needed a string and able ruler. Charlemange's heirs were neither many counts and lords became increasingly independent. They cared more about their own estates then about the good of the empire. They refused to obey Louis the Pious Charlemagnes's son.

 

  12)  What might have prevented the collapse of Charlemagne’s government?

 

  If Louis the Pious  had not weekend the empire when he divided it among his three sons. Then After their father's death they began to fight among themselves over their shares.

Chapter 18 section 2 questions

   1)   Why were the Frankish kings after Clovis weak?

  

   Because instead of keeping the kingdom united they divided it among their sons. their sons often fought over their share of land. They spent so much time and energy fighting they lost much of their power to local nobles. 

 

   2)   Who was Charles Martel?  What did he do?  Why was he known as “The Hammer”?

   

   The most powerful Mayor was Charles Martel he also wanted to reunite all the Frankish nobles under his rule. He was know and The Hammer because of his strength in battle.

 

   3)   Why was the Battle of Tours a turning point in history?

    

   Because the Franks' victory at the Battle of the Tours enable Christianity to survive in western Europe.

 

   4)   What might western Europe have been like if the Arabs and Berbers had won the Battle of Tours? 

    

   If they won they would have spread their religion of Islam every where.

 

   5)   Who was Pepin?  How did he help the Pope?

    

   He is the son of Charles Martel he became Mayor of the Palace.

 

   6)   Define anointed.  

 

   Blessed with holy oil, by the Pope 

 

chapter 17 understanding main ideas

1.     They moved south to Rome after being attacked by the Huns looking for protection.

2.     Because Rome made them surrender there weapons and promise to be loyal to Rome.

3.     Some gave their chieftains credit for the brave deeds they themselves did. Then in battle they fought for there chieftains.

4.     That there in the hall of Wodan called Valhalla the warriors would feast and fight forever.

5.     They believed it came from the people. German rulers could nopt change a law unless the people approved.

6.     It was to see if the person was guilty or not.

7.       For protection from the Huns.

8.     It was ruled under his name for 15 years then was killed. After that in 550 Roman Empire faded away into six major and a great many minor Germanic kingdoms

Chapter 18 8 things that i thought were most important

1.     The Franks lived Along the Rhine River in what is now Germany.

2.     They were more sucsesful in governing than other Germans. One reason for this was that the area in which they loved was close to their home land and they felt pretty secure.

3.     They weren’t all about fighting and ruling unlike the Goths and the Vandals the Franks became farmers.

4.     In 418 one of the Frankish group chose a man named Clovis as king. He was cruel and greedy he was also a good general and an able king. He eventually brought all the Franks under one rule. Part of Clovis’s kingdom later became France, which took its name from the Franks.

5.     Clovis was the first Germanic king to accept the Catholic religion. But then converted to Christianity.

6.     When they became Christian they gain the support of the Romans in his kingdom. After that they began to speech a form of Latin that later became modern French language.

7.     The Pope and other church officials gave Clovis their support and in return Clovis was expected to protect the church form any non-believers.

8.       Clovis extended his rule over what is now France and Western Germany and set up his capital in Paris. He wore purple robes similar to those of Roman emperors and made Latin the official language of the court.

Chapter 17 section 2 questions

1) Who were the Goths?
 
 They were Germanic people lived in the Balkan Peninsula of Europe

2) Discuss the Battle of Adrianople?  Why was it important?  When did it happen?
 
The West Goths rebelled against the Romans and defeated them at the Battle of Adrianople in 378.

3) Where did the Goths end up?
 
 Spain

4) Who were the Vandals?
 
 Another Germanic group 

5) What English world did the Vandals inspire?  Why?
 
 The Vandals became pirates and attacked cities along the Mediteranean coast. From these attacks came the English word "vandalism," which means the willful destruction of property.

6) Who was Odoacer?
 
 In 476, a German general named Odoacer. He didn't appoint an emperor. Instead he ruled the western empire in his own name for almost 15 years. 

7) Who was Theodoric?
 
 A group of Goths invaded Italy, killed Odoacer and set up a kingdom under their leader Theodoric

8) What happened to the Roman Empire in the West by 550 C.E.?

It faded away

Chapter 17 questions

1) Describe the village life of the early Germans.
 
 The villages were surrounded by farmlands and pastures. Most homes were long thatched-roofs huts with open spaces around them. The familily lived in one end of the hut and divided the other end into animal stalls. Animals helped keep huts warm during winter wooden tables and benches placed along the walls of the hut were the only futniture. few wealthier villagers added wall hanging or carpets. German villigers made their living herding cattle, which provided food and clothing. They traded cattle to Roman glass vessels, table articles, and jewelery. Most farm work was done by the woman, children, and slaves. if the woman weren't working in the field, cooking, they spum wool and wove cloth on upright looms.  

2) What did the Germans grow?
 
 They grew barley, rye, wheat, bean, and peas.

3) What were the Germans view of hospitality?
 
 They believed in hospitality. It was against the law to turn away anyone who came to the door. Guests, strangers were welcome, fed and entertained.

4) How were the German tribes organized?
 
 The men were worriers and they spent most of there time hunting, fighting, and making weapons.  They were divided into clans based on family ties. The first Germans gave their greatest.

5) Who was Theodoric the Great?
 
 He was king of the East Goths, a Germanic people from eastern Europe. He declared him self king of Italy

6) Who was Woden?  Thor?
 
Woden is the god of war. His son is Thor and he is the god of thunder.

7) What was Valhalla? 

 Valhalla was a hall where warriors feasted and fought forever. 

8) Discuss blood fueds, oath-helpers and wergeld.

Blood fueds are quarrels in which the families of the original fighters seek revenge. Blood feuds could go on for generations. To keep this from happening, the Germans set up courts. Judges listened to each side and tried to find a settlement that would bring peace to the village.
Oath-helpers These people who swore that accused was telling the truth.
Wergled are fines called. the exact amount of payment varied

9) How did the Germans' love of battle and laws influence their society?
Their love of battle was linked closely to their religion because they had gods that loved to fight and hunt. This influenced their society to believe similarly to the Spartans, that you either win your battle or die trying. Their laws were based on the customs of ancestors and were not written down. Instead, they were memorized and passed down from generation to generation.

Rome and Etrucan study questions

1) The Etruscans - why were they important? Italy's first highly civilized people.
What did they give to the Romans?  The Etruscans were more culturally advanced then the Latins and the Romans had a Etruscan ruler they contributed in the area of architecture. Also Rome borrowed some Etruscans customs like gladiatorial games and municipal. 
Who were important Etruscans? Lucius Tarquinius, nobles, and Soothsayers 

2) The Roman Republic - what is important about the Roman Republic?  They had a very affective government.
Who were important figures in the Republic and what did they do? Consuls- they were the head of the roman empire. and they argued with each other on laws and other things.
What were the Punic Wars all about?  it started because the Romans felt threatened by the Carthaginians, and they wanted Sicily's granaries.
Who was Hannibal? was a general that led the Carthaginians and attacked the Romans.
How did the Republic end? A triumvirate was passed and three people ruled the land. then it broke and they fought each other.

3) What is important about Julius Caesar?  Governor of roman Provence. he built a strong and loyal army, he conquered northern France.
Why should we remember him? He got stabbed 60 times and he adopted the Roman calender.

4) What is important about Augustus Caesar?  he brought peace to Rome called the Pax Romana.
Why should we remember him?He brought peace.

5) What was the Pax Romana?  Peace that Augustus brought to Rome.
How did it come to an end?- laws were standerdized.

6) How did the Roman Empire come to an end? Germanic cheif Alaric took over.

Chapter 15 qustions

1. Augustus cleared the Mediterranean of pirates also he increased trade.  He protected each city by putting up a fire brigade and police force. Judges were helped by special lawyers and Juris Prudentes, legal writers. Everyone was innocent until they were proven guilty.


2. Since trade increased, Romans became very rich. Shopkeepers grew richer,wine and olive oil were the main items bought by other countries. Italy became a manufacturing center for pottery, bronze, and woolen cloth.


3. During the Pax Romana, many things changed for Rome. Since the times were different , the Twelve Tables had to be changed.


4. It was important to standardize all laws in the empire because it helped Rome govern a large area successfully.


5. All kinds of animals were used for the public games. Like pulling chariots but most either fought one another or gladiators. So many animals were killed, that some species became extinct.


6. The Praetorian Guard set a horrible example by killing the emperor, Commodus, and then electing himself as emperor. This showed all of the legions that if they fought each other, they could pick their own emperor for the throne.


7. Diocletian thought that their was too much land to govern by himself so he got someone to ruled the western provinces while he ruled the richer ones in the east.


8. There were three reasons for the fall of Rome: political, economic, and foreign enemies. There were no laws saying who would rule after the emperor died. Because of this, Commodus ruled and was killed by the Praetorian Guard, destroying the government. Economically it crumbled because the emperor paid his soldiers highly, raising taxes enormously. Lastly, Rome fell because of the foreign enemies. While they fought over money and politics, enemies swooped in and conquered.

Roman republic

 2.) Senete
      a.)The Senate was made up of 300 men called senators who were chosen for life
      b.)  They discussed ways to deal with other countries, proposed laws, and approved public contracts for building roads and temples.

3.)Judges, assemblies and Tribunes 
   a.) Judges assemblies and tribunes or government officials who protected the rights of pebeians, also part of the Roman government.
   b.) All Roman citizens belonged to the assemblies and could declare war or agree to peace terms
   c.) 450 B.C. is the year laws were carved on 12 bronze tablets know as the twelve tablets. they were placed in the Forum. The laws applied to both patricians and pebeians.
  d.) The Twelve Tables became the foundation for future Roman laws.  


B.) Roman Expansion
     1.) Protection of Rome 
          a.) Conquered several Etruscan cities
          b.) by 146 B.C. Rome ruled most of the Mediterranean World

Etruscans 2

1) Who was the first Etruscan ruler of Rome?

 Lucius Traquinius

2) What customs did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans?

 The Romans borrowed  fights between slaves, the triumph, and symbols of authority. They also founded their cities like the Etruscans.

3) What religious beliefs did the Etruscans introduce to the Romans?

 They changed the Romans religion. They introduced soothsayers and that their gods had humanly forms.

4) What were gladiatorial games?

 The gladiatorial games were an "amusing" fight. These fights could be between slaves, armed men, men and animals, women and dwarfs, and animals. 

The Etruscans

 1.) What the Etruscans were known for

 For being Pirates, good traders, and they dug tunnels and built dams to drain their marshy fields

 2) What they grew 

 Barley, millet, wheat, graps, and other fruits

3) What they did for occupations 

Farmer, miners traders and pirates 

4) What their cities were like  

 The Rish liced in rectangular, one-story homes made of sun-dried brick on a frame of heavy timbers. A pitched roof covered with clay tiles extended beyond the house. Tone-lined drains led from each house into the main drains that ran along the pebble-paved streets. Most homes also had broad, walled courtyards open to the sky. During the day the center room was often used for talking about business. At night it was the scene of entertainment. Necropolis out side the city. Wealthy people owned the most land. Built cities and temples facing east to face the gods

5) What their Daily life and Religion was like, and 
 They played games similar to chess and backgammon like to play sports wrestling running boxing and horse racing. Liked listening to music and playing instruments the woman enjoyed dancing and were aloud to participate in ceremonies and own land.  . They believed in many gods

6) What they borrow from the Greeks.

The alphabet and the form of fighting the phalanx. Gods were modeled off the Greeks

The legend of Rome

The legend says that after the fall of Troy the god ordered the Trojan prince Aeneas to lead his people to the promise land. When Aenea’s group reached Italy they joined forces with the Latins. In 800 B.C. The Latin Princes gave birth to two twins the father was Mars. But the Princess had taken an oath never to have children. Sense she broke the promise she was punished Romulus and Remus were taken from her and left to die on the bank of the Tiber. But then a she-wolf came and took care of them. Then one day a shepherd killed the she-wolf and found the babies and he took them. When the boys grew older they built a city on Tiber. They let the gods pick who should rule city between the two of them. Each of them climed to the top of different hill tops to look for a sign from a god. Then 12 cultures flew over the Palatine sense Romulus stood atop the Platine he was claimed to be king he and Remus then fought he was killed. Romulus became king of the city so it was named Rome  

Alexanders Accomplishents

Alaexanders Accomplishments

·      He conquered pursia

·      He was commander in the army since he was 16 but with great knowledge of military strategies  

·      He was taught him literature, political science geography, and biology by Aristotle.

·      He never lost a battle of the 13 years of ruling

·      He covered more than 22,000 miles from the Nile to the Indus rivers.

·      During his rule he founded about 70 cities of which were named Alexandria 

·      He created a lighthouse 400ft it was considered one of the 7 wonders on the Ancient World.

·      He was king of Asia

·      He marched as far east as northern Asia

·       

Ways He Tried To Unify his Empire

·      He married a persain woman and had 80 of his leading men marry Persians.

·      He began to dress in Persian fashion and ot follow some persain customs

·      He claimed he was a god to persians

·      Took Persians into his army

·      Collected samples of plants animals from across his empire and sent them to Aristotle for classification

What Happened to Alaxander's Kingdom after he Died

What Happened to Alaxander’s Kingdom after he Died

What happened to Alaxander’s kingdom after he died fights broke out over who was to rule the empire. The areas that he conquered in India returned to their original rulers. Three of Alexander’s generals divided the rest of the empires among themselves. Antigonus became king of Macedonia. Ptolemy established the dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt. Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in Persia. Athens and Sparta became independent city-states again. Most other Greek city-states banded together into one of to leauges, but neither league had much power or importance. The cities that had been part of Alexander’s empire now existed manly for trade grew along with it. City officials made their laws language, calendar and coins Greek. The Greek city-states were never the same again. They kept their political independence but they couldn’t gain back the power of the past. In time economic conditions grew worse. Great factories had been built in the new Hellenistic cities. Greek manufactures now found they couldn’t compete with these factories. Because of that more young Greek emigrated. Population in the Greek city-states fell. There was not enough people to work the land, and many farms once again became wilderness. Then By 146 B.C. most of the Greek city-states were under Roman control    

Chapter 11 section 2

   1) Who was Socrates and How did he teach people how to think?

   He was a 70 year old man who was a philosopher and he taught people how to think by asking them questions.

2) What did philosophia mean to the ancient Greeks?

   Studying the laws of nature and loving wisdom were the same thing.

3) What was the Socratic Method?

      Each question was designed to make a person arrive step by step at a final conclusion or truth.

4) Why was Socrates brought to trial?

     He was accused of deniing the gods and trying to over throw the government.

5) List some quotes about ethical or moral living attributed to Socrates.

   “Wealth does not bring goodness. But goodness brings wealth and every blessing, both to the citizen and to the polis.”

6) How did Socrates die?

   He was forced to drink poisonous hemlock juice.

7) Who was Plato?

   He was one of Socrates pupils who founded the Academy

   8) What school did Plato found?

   The Academy  

9) Name two books that Plato wrote.

   The Republic and The Dialogues 

10) Who was Aristotle?  What did he do?

   He was one of Plato’s brightest pupils. He founded his own school and wrote more than 200 books. He also was the first to group together plants and animals that resemble each other. Aristotle provided a third step in the scientific method when he said that a hypothesis must be tested to see if it is correct. He also came up with syllogism

11) What is syllogism?  Give an example of one.  Who invented it?

    It is a method of reasoning that uses three related statements. The third statement is a conclusion based on the information given in the first two. Example: Athenians are Greek Socrates is an Athenian therefore, Socrates is Greek. Aristotle

12) Who developed the first two steps of the scientific method?

    Thales

13) Who developed the Hippocratic Oath?  What is the Hippocratic Oath?   

Hippocrates. The oath says that doctors should honor their teachers, do their best for the sick, never give

chapter 11 section 1

    1)  To seek advice. the advice was generally given in the form of a prophecy or a statement of what might happen in the future.

   

    2)  The most popular oracle was a priestess in the temple of Delphi. The Greeks believed that Delphi was the center of the world, and they bulit many temples and other public buildings there.

  

    3)    Most ancient peoples feared their gods. They believed that people were put on Earth only to obey and serve the gods. The Greeks were the first people to feel differently. They placed importance on the worth of the individual. Because they believed in their own value, the Greeks had a great deal of self respect. This allowed them to approach their gods with dignity.

     4) Name six Greek gods and what they controlled.

   Zeus: Ruler of Mount Olympus; king of the gods; god of the weather

   Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty

   Apollo: god of the sun; patron of truth archery, music, medicine, and prophecy

   Ares: god of war

   Poseidon: god of the sea and earthquakes; giver of horses to mortals

   Hera: protectress of marriage, children, and the home; wife of Zeus

   5. The Olympic Games were held in Olympia to honor Zeus.

   6. Olympic Games included chariot races where a chariot was pulled by four horses around a track, boxing where the men slapped each other instead of punching, pancratium, a combination of boxing and wrestling, and pentathlon, where the athlete ran, jumped, threw the discus and javelin, and wrestle.

   7. The 1st Olympic Games was held in 776 BC.

   8. Three great writers of tragedy were Aeschylus, who wrote about power and its effect on people, Sophocles, who showed that people because of their mistakes and it made them better people, and Euripides who showed that people suffered because they did bad things.

9. Comedies were originally about the present. They made fun of politicians and polis leaders who were in the aud