Homework

They were formed them to make it so that everything was equal and they tried to make it so that the people wouldn't fight amongst themselves. They formed them because they wanted to become equal with the nobles.

Questions 1-7

1.  Venice became the leading port in 1100s
2. The quarreled among themselves over profits and trade routes. 
3. It helped make them
4. It killed 25
5. A person became an apprentice for 2- 7 years  then they had to present a master piece to become a journeymen then master.
6. because it made them less powerful.
7. The townspeople were able to have leisure time and they were able to have time for their interests. The pheasents didn't have anytime to do anything they wanted.

chapter 26 questions

1) What led to the growth and development of Venice's trade?

Venice became a leading port and many of its citizens became fulltime merchants. Venetain merchants learned to read and write, use money, and keep records. In time, they developed an effective banking system.

2) How did the location of Flanders help it become an important trading center?

Because the rivers linked together before heading out to the north sea

3) What were Fairs?

Merchants traveling along the chief rout through eastern France stopped to trade with each other at special gatherings called Fairs.

4) Who sponsored fairs and why?

Nobles who collected taxes on sales. Because they got money out of it.

5) How did most towns develop in the Middle Ages?

They Generally chose places along trade routes near waterways or road crossings. They also tried to settle close to a castle or monastery. This helped protect them from robbers and fights between nobles. The merchants surrounded their settlements with high stake fences and moats. Most towns of the Middle Ages developed from these Merchant settlements.

6) What was the Black Death?  How many people died from it?

During the 1300s, diseased rats came to Europe on trading ships from the Middle East. They carried with them a plague called the “Black Death.” Nearly 25 million lives.

7) What changes did burghers want to make in feudal laws?

They didn’t want to get permission from the nobles to get married. They wanted more freedom.

chapter 25 questions

1.) Church officials helped govern western Europe. High church leaders were both lords and vassals of other lords. They served as advisers to kings and other nobles keeping records for the kings who could not read or write.

2.) Rich nobles donated money to build large churches and gave land to monasteries. The wealthier the monasteries became, however, the more carless many monks grew about carrying out their duties.

3.) After a while students began to complain that teachers held few classes and did not cover enough subjects. Teachers began to complain that too many untrained people were teaching. So students and teachers decided to make some changes by forming unions. These unions became universities.

4.) Even after they had taken Palestine Turkish armies continues to threaten the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine emperor asked the Pop for military aid. Pope Urban 2 agreed to help the Byzantines.

5.) About 30,000 crusaders arrived in Asia Minor and defeated the Turks. From there, they moved south through the desert to Syria. However they were not prepared for the heat and did not have enough food or water. Many died of starvation or thirst.

6.) A group of French children, led by peasant boy named Stephen of Cloyes, set sail from Marseilles, France in 1212. Most of the children never reached Palestine. Along the way they were sold into slavery by captains of the ships on which they sailed. At the same time another group of children set forth on foot from Germany intending to march toward Italy. Most of them starved to death or died from disease.

7.) The Byzantines were so angry at the actions of western Europeans that the split between eastern and western Christianity became permanent.

8.) The Crusades helped to break down feudalism in western Europe. While feudal lords were fighting in Palestine, kings at home increased their authority.  

chapter 24 section 3-4 questions

1) What was a code of chivalry?  Who did it apply to?  List the rules of chivalry.

It was rules stated that a knight was to obey his lord, show bravery, respect women of noble birth, honor the Church and help people.

2) How did Knights train for war?

He was sent away from his family to the castle of another lord when he was seven years old. There he learned to be a page or a person who helped the knights of the castle care for their destriers. Pages also polished the knights’ armor some of shich weighed up to 80 pounds or 36 kilograms. A page learned good maners and ran errands for the ladies. He was taught to ride and fight. By age 14 he could handle a lance and sword while on horseback. When they were 15 they became a squire. Each squires duty was to go into battle with his knight. He was expected to resuc the knight if he was wounded or fell off his horse.

If a squire proved to be a good fighter, he was rewarded by being made a knight. They also prepared for war by training for tournaments.

3) Explain the organization of feudal Manors. 

Manors were found on fiefs and were owned by nobles.

4) What was the difference between Freeman and Serfs?

A freeman paid the noble for the right to farmland. Then serfs Serfs were and their descendants were a noble’s property.

5) What was a serf's life like?  Discuss the "bright" moments.

In Charlemagne’s time, the serfs worked long hours in the fields and performed many services for the nobles. Serfs spent three days of the week working the lord’s strips of land and the rest of the week caring for their own strips. However they had to give part of their own crops to the noble. They also paid him for the use of the villages mill, bread oven and wine press. A serfs life had some bright moments Sunday was a day of rest from work. At Christmas the lord paid for a great feast and entertainment. Holidays were celebrated with singing and dancing on the village green. When they could serfs took part in such sports as wrestling , archery and soccer. 

6) Why did people on a manor produce everything they needed?

Because of poor transportation and frequent fighting isolated manors from on another.

7) How could serfs obtain their freedom?

It was not easy one way was to escape to the towns. If a serf was not caught and remained in town for more than a year he or she was considered free. By the middle ages serfs were allowed to buy their freedom.

8) What changes had taken place in farming by the 1200s?

They used the three – field system of farming and started to use a heavy iron plow. The horse collar was incented allowing horses instead of slow-moving oxen to plow fields. All of this enabled the peasants to grow more food.

Chapter 24 sections 1-2 questions 2-4

 

2. Because Charles Martel the Frankish leader began giving his soldiers feifs as a reward for their service and loyalty. 

3. Because the rulers after Charlemagne were so weak they couldn’t even rule thei own kingdoms well. And over time they ignored their responsibilities. Before long they began to depend on the nobles for food, horses, and soldiers.

4. They had to help the king in battle, had to make payments to their lord, if the lord was captured in battle his vassals either became prisoners in his place  or paid his ransom. Another duty was to attend the lord’s court, also were expected to provide food and entertainment when their lord visited them.

 

Anglo-Saxons questions

1) The Anglo-Saxons were made up of what three groups?
 
 Jutes, Anglo, Saxons.

2) How did Christianity come to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England?
 
 Because of the scholars, artists, merchants, and monks from many parts of Europe came to Ireland because of its peace and safety. Irish scholars and artists were influenced by Christianity. The Irish Church was found by Saint Patrick.

3) What did Alfred do to unite Anglo-Saxon England?
 
Is the son of Saxon king, Alfred led resistance against Danish invaders. He made his kingdom the rallying point for other kingdoms, paving the way of the unification of England. In 886, A.D. he captured London and was soon recognized as king of all England. One of his greatest achievements was the creation of a navy- the basis of England's future strength as a nation.

4) Why did Alfred the Great pay the Danes to leave England alone?
 
 Because the Anglo-saxons were not strong enough to drive out the Danes.To gain time to build a stronger aermy he paid the Danes a sum of money each year to leave England alone.

5) Why did the king set up local governments in England?
 
 Because the central government however was to weak to govern the whole country.

6) What were the duties of the nobles?
 
 They had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in local areas, and serve the king in war.

7) Why did early English kinds divide the country into shires?  What were some of the jobs of the sheriff?
 
The central government, however was to weak to govern the whole country. So, the king set up local government. England was divided into districts called shires. Shires were run by sheriffs who was a local noble chosen by the king. The sheriff collected money, enforced the law, called out soldiers when needed, and told the king what was happening in the shire. 


8) How did the King's peace help unite England?
 
 The King's peace united the empire by keeping the crime rate low and made everyone feel protected.

9) What was the purpose of witenagemot?
 
 The witenagemot, a group of church leaders and nobles, met with the king to discuss issues within the shires. They also approved laws made by the king and served as a court

10) How did the English government develop under the Anglo-Saxons?
 
 The king was selected from a royal family instead of the Church picking a new king every term. Under the king's rule, the people felt safe and protected, keeping them all united. There were so many officials and the people felt so secure that the crime rate was low, which made the people of the empire feel even more at peace. This set up the government of England because they were fine with having a king instead of a democracy. They also felt that the king made sure everyone was taken care of.

11) Why did Anglo-Saxons unite under Alfred the Great? 

 First, he paid the Danes to leave them alone. When the Danes attacked, he defeated them. Next, he signed a treaty with the Danes saying that if they stayed in Danelaw, then they could rule the northeast part of the England. In the end, he conquered  the Danes. The Anglo-Saxons wanted Alfred the Great as their ruler because he was a great fighter.

Chapter 18 section 3 questions

1)   When did Pepin die?  Who were his sons?

 

   In 768. Carloman and Charles

 

  2)   Who was Charlemagne?  What did he do?  List the people he defeated in battle.  What does his name mean?

 

   He was a powerful leader. He got all of the western Europe together under his rule also got all the Germanic people to become Christian. The Lombards, Saxons, Muslims. Charles the Great

 

  3)   What was The Song of Roland about?

 

   It was a poem about the battle between the Basques and Charlemagne.

 

  4)   Why was Charlemagne displeased that the Pope crowned him emperor?

 

   Because it made it seem as if the emperor's right to rule came from the Pope rather than directly from God.

 

  5)   What was Charlemagne’s view of education?  What did he do to promote education in his empire?

 

   He thought it was important to have education. He encouraged churches and monasteries to fund schools./

 

  6)   Who was Alcuin?  What did children study in the school set up by Alcuin?

 

   He was a scholar. It trained the children of government officials to serve in the church or in royal household.

 

  7)   What were some things that artists created under Charlemagne’s rule? 

 

   They made book covers and ornamental weapons, and they decorated and manuscripts copied by scholars. They also covered church walls with pictures showing stories from the Bible

 

  8)   Describe estate life.

 

   Each estate took care of its own needs. There were shoemakers, carpenters, and blacksmiths on each estate. There were artisans who made weapons, cooking vessels, and few jewelry. Lords lived in stone farmhouse. wooden stockades. Each farmhouse had a banquet hall sleeping quarters cellars stables, storage places, and small chapel.

   Farmers lived in simple wooden houses in small villages on the estates. They worked in the fields, vineyards, orchards, and forests around their villages. The fields were owned by lords. but the farmers worked them three days a week. The rest of the time they worked small pieces of land the lords had given them. They also divided the land into three sections.

 

  9)   How did farmers gradually become serfs?

 

   Because they were gradually doing more for the nobles and less for themselves. 

 

  10)  How did minstrels increase Charlemagne’s popularity?

 

   The Minstrels journeyed from place to place singing the praises of Charlemagne and his empire.

 

  11)  What did the Empire collapse after Charlemagne’s death?

 

   The empire needed a string and able ruler. Charlemange's heirs were neither many counts and lords became increasingly independent. They cared more about their own estates then about the good of the empire. They refused to obey Louis the Pious Charlemagnes's son.

 

  12)  What might have prevented the collapse of Charlemagne’s government?

 

  If Louis the Pious  had not weekend the empire when he divided it among his three sons. Then After their father's death they began to fight among themselves over their shares.